British slang and its classification

BRITISH SLANG AND ITS CLASSIFICATION Plan I. Introduction 1.1 Undertakings of the class work 1.2 Definition of slang II. MAIN Part 2.1 The beginning of slang. 2.2 Types of slang. a ) Cockney riming slang B ) Polari degree Celsius ) Internet slang vitamin D ) Slang of ground forces, constabulary vitamin E ) Money slang 2.3. Phonetic distinctive features of slang 2.4. Morphologic features of slang III. PRACTICAL Part IV. Decision V. BIBLIOGRAPHY Slang is a linguistic communication which takes off its coat, tongues on its custodies and goes to work. Carl Sandburg I. Introduction 1.1 Undertakings of the class work The apprehension of the native talkers linguistic communication is the international job for our people. Our secondary schools teach the pupils merely the bases of the English linguistic communication. Our universities do non fix them to the British streets, adjustments, pubs where people use their ain linguistic communication, the linguistic communication that differs from that of their parents. They use other words- they use slang. None of the most advanced and flexible ways of learning English of any state can catch modern rapidly developing English. Some bookmans divide the English linguistic communication into two different linguistic communications: the Standard English linguistic communication and slang. This fact proves that slang comes to be a really legion portion of English. Ignorance of slang causes a great miscommunication between pupils and native talkers. The linguistic communication of the old centuries contrasts from the modern linguistic communication. The life does non stop dead in the same place. It ever develops. And it makes the linguistic communication develop excessively. That is why the present work is devoted to this societal phenomenon. The purpose of my class paper is to analyse different attacks to the definition of slang, to find the most of import groups of the British slang, to demo its lexical, phonic and morphological distinctive features. The object of my survey is the wealth of English linguistic communication, ambiguity of its vocabulary and the most common regulations of slang use in Britain. The topics of my research are assorted points of position on slang, its history and types and lingual features common for the British slang. Choosing the subject of my probe I `m absolutely cognizant of the fact that slang is unlimited so it is about impossible to analyse every word of it. I hope to sum up different points of position on slang and it is my hope that more readers should detect this interesting bed of the English linguistic communication. Although the work could barely cover all the facets of the phenomenon the undertaking is every bit exciting as challenging. To accomplish the set purpose I determine the undermentioned undertakings: 1. to seek the beginning of slang ; 2. to analyze the words passage through English vocabulary ; 3. to analyze the job of the categorization of slang ; 4. to understand the purpose of the modern use of slang ; 5. to separate different sorts of slang ; 6. to analyze the ways of slang word- formation ; 7. to analyse phonic distinctive features of slang ; 8. to compare the consequences of the analysis. 1.2 Definition of slang Every grownup talker has a construct of slang cognizing at the least that some words and looks transgress by and large accepted norms of formality or rightness and in some manner do non suit the step of what good linguistic communication is. Despite such acknowledgment by about all talkers, bookmans with formal preparation in lingual analysis have about ignored slang though they acknowledge holding the same intuitions about this type of vocabulary as do all talkers. In truth, most linguists have given no more thought to slang than have people who claim no expertness in linguistic communication. In the English-speaking universe in peculiar, the description of the signifier and map of slang has been left mostly to lexicologists instead than to others who study linguistic communication for a life. Webster # 8217 ; s Third New International Dictionary gives the undermentioned definition of the term slang: 1. Language curious to a peculiar group as: a ) the particular and frequently secret vocabulary used by a category ( as stealers, mendicants ) and normally felt to be coarse or inferior: slang ; B ) the slang used by or associated with a peculiar trade, profession, or field of activity. 2. A non-standard vocabulary composed of words and senses characterized primary by intensions of utmost informality and normally a currency non limited to a peculiar part and composed typically of mintages or randomly changed words, clipped or shortened signifiers, extravagant, forced or bantering figures of address, or verbal freshnesss normally sing speedy popularity and comparatively rapid diminution into neglect. The New Oxford English Dictionary defines slang as follows: a ) the particular vocabulary used by any set of individuals of a low or disreputable character ; linguistic communication of a low and coarse type ; B ) the buzzword or slang of a certain category or period ; degree Celsius ) linguistic communication of a extremely conversational type considered as below the degree of standard educated address, and dwelling either of new words or of current words employed in some particular sense. As it is seen from these citations slang is represented both as a particular vocabulary and as a particular linguistic communication. This causes confusion. If this is a certain lexical bed, than why should it be given the rank of linguistic communication or a idiom of even a slang, and so it should be characterized non merely by its curious usage of words but besides by phonic, morphological and syntactical distinctive features. In general all linguists agree that slang is nonstandard vocabulary composed of words or senses characterized chiefly by intensions of utmost informality and normally by a currency non limited to a peculiar part. It is composed typically of mintages or randomly changed words, clipped or shortened signifiers, extravagant, forced, or bantering figures of address, or verbal freshnesss. They are identified and distinguished by contrasting them to standard literary vocabulary. They are expressive, largely ironical words functioning to make fresh names for some things that are frequent subjects of discourse. [ 1 ] Slang consists of the words and looks that have escaped from the buzzword, slang and slang ( and to a lesser extent from dialectal, nonstandard, and taboo address ) of specific subgroups of society so that they are known and used by an appreciable per centum of the general population, even though the words and looks frequently retain some associations with the subgroups that originally used and popularized them. Therefore, slang is a in-between land for words and looks that have become excessively popular to be any longer considered as portion of the more restricted classs, but that are non yet ( and may neer go ) acceptable or popular plenty to be considered informal or standard. ( Compare the slang Hooker and the standard cocotte. ) Slang fills a necessary niche in all linguistic communications. It can function as a span or a barrier, either assisting both old and new words that have been used as insiders footings by a specific group of people to come in the linguistic communication of the general populace or, on the other manus, forestalling them from making so. Thus, for many words, slang is a proving land that eventually proves them to be by and large utile, appealing, and acceptable plenty to go standard or informal. For many other words, slang is a proving land that shows them to be excessively restricted in usage, non every bit appealing as standard equivalent word, or unneeded, frivolous, faddy, or unacceptable for criterion or informal address. For still a 3rd group of words and looks, slang becomes non a concluding testing land that either accepts or rejects them for general usage but becomes a huge oblivion, a lasting retention land, an country of address that a word neer leaves Slang words can non be distinguished from other words by sound or significance. In fact, most slang words are homonyms of standard words, spelled and pronounced merely like their criterion opposite numbers, as for illustration slang words for money such as beans, brass, dibs, dough, chinc, oof, wards ; the slang equivalent word for word caput are Attic, brain-pan, hat nog, nut, upper floor ; drunk- boozy, cock-eyed, high, soaked, tight, and pot ( marihuana ) . Of class, these words are likewise in their ordinary criterion usage and in their slang usage. Each word sounds merely as appealing or unsympathetic, dull or colourful in its criterion as in its slang usage. Besides, the significances of beans and money, caput and Attic, pot and marihuana are the same, so it can non be said that the intensions of slang words are any more colourful or racy than the significances of standard words. [ 2 ] All linguistic communications, states, and periods of history have slang. This is true because they all have had words with changing grades of societal credence and popularity. The same lingual procedures are used to make and popularise slang as are used to make and popularise all other words. That is, all words are created and popularized in the same general ways ; they are labeled slang merely harmonizing to their current societal credence, long after creative activity and popularisation. To to the full understand slang, one must retrieve that a word s usage, popularity, and acceptableness can alter. Wordss can alter in societal degree, traveling in any way. Thus, some standard words of William Shakespeare s twenty-four hours are found merely in certain contemporary British idioms. Wordss that are taboo in one epoch ( e.g. , tummy, thigh ) can go accepted, standard words in a ulterior epoch. Many prove either utile plenty to go accepted as standard or informal words or excessively faddy for standard usage. Blizzard and O.K. have become standard, while conbobberation ( perturbation ) and tomato ( miss ) have been discarded. Some words and looks have a permanent topographic point in slang ; for case, crush it ( travel off ) , foremost used in the sixteenth century, has neither become Standard English nor vanished. Language is dynamic, and at any given clip 100s, and possibly 1000s, of words and looks are in the procedure of altering from one degree to another, of going more acceptable or less acceptable, of going more popular or less popular. Slang is really informal usage of words and phrases for more colourful or curious manner of look that is shared by the people in the same societal subgroup, for illustration, computing machine slang, athleticss slang, military slang, musicians # 8217 ; slang, pupils # 8217 ; slang, underworld slang, etc. Slang is non used by the bulk of native talkers and many people consider it vulgar, though rather a few slang phrases have already come into standard use. Slang contains many obscene and violative words and phrases. It besides has many looks that are acceptable in informal communicating. Slang is extremely idiomatic. It is light-minded, irreverent, indelicate ; it may be indecorous or obscene. Its colourful metaphors are by and large directed at reputability, and it is this succinct, sometimes witty, often irreverent societal unfavorable judgment that gives slang its characteristic spirit. Slang, so, includes non merely words but words used in a particular manner in a certain socie tal context. The beginning of the word slang itself is obscure ; it foremost appeared in print around 1800, applied to the address of disreputable and condemnable categories in London. Language is the belongings of a community of talkers. Peoples seldom speak, or compose, with lone themselves as the audience. It should non be surprising so that some constituents and signifiers of linguistic communication are socially motivated. Slang is one sort of vocabulary that serves the societal nature of linguistic communication. In an of import article in 1978 Bethany Dumas and Jonathan Lighter make the important point that slang must be identified by its societal effects, by the effects its usage has on the relationship between talker and audience. Dumas and Lighter posit four standards for placing a word or phrase as slang. [ 3 ] 1. Its presence will markedly take down, at least for the minute, the self-respect of formal or serious address or authorship. 2. Its usage implies the user s acquaintance either with the referent or with that less statusful or less responsible category of people who have such particular acquaintance and utilize the term. 3. It is a tabooed term in ordinary discourse with individuals of higher societal rank or greater duty. 4. It is used in topographic point of the well-known conventional equivalent word, particularly in order ( a ) to protect the user from the uncomfortableness caused by the conventional point or ( B ) to protect the user from the uncomfortableness or irritation of farther amplification. They conclude that when something tantrums at least two of the standards, a linguistically sensitive audience will respond to it in a certain manner. This reaction, which can non be measured, is the ultimate identifying feature of true slang . In other words, Dumas and Lighter s preparation requires that the type of lexis called slang be recognized for its power to consequence brotherhood between talker and listener. Whether or non the specifics of their definition are necessary or sufficient, Dumas and Lighter are right. Slang can non be defined independent of its maps and usage. Despite the troubles of specifying the term, slang does hold some consistent features. [ 4 ]Slang is lexical instead than phonological or syntactic, though, in English at least, organic structure linguistic communication and modulation are frequently of import in signaling that a word or phrase is to be interpreted as slang. Nor is there a peculiarly slang sentence structure. Slang looks do non follow idiosyncratic word order, and slang words and phrases typically fit into an appropriate grammatical slot in an established syntactic form. Furthermore, the productive morphological procedures responsible for slang are the same 1s responsible for the general vocabulary, i.e. , for English, intensifying, affixation, shortening, and functional displacement. II. MAIN Part Slang derives much of its power from the fact that it is cloak-and-dagger, out or by and large disapproved of. So what happens once it is accepted, even in some instances embraced and promoted by # 8216 ; mainstream # 8217 ; society? Not long ago the Oxford English Dictionary characterized slang as # 8216 ; low and disreputable # 8217 ; ; in the late 1970s the pioneering sociolinguist Michael Halliday used the phrase # 8216 ; anti-language # 8217 ; in his survey of the address of felons and marginals. For him, theirs was an interestingly # 8216 ; pathological # 8217 ; signifier of linguistic communication. The first description now sounds quaintly outmoded, while the second could be applied to street packs # 8211 ; today # 8217 ; s posses, massives or sets # 8211 ; and their secret codifications. Both, nevertheless, involve value judgements which are basically societal and non lingual. Attitudes to the usage of linguistic communication have changed deeply over the last thr ee decennaries, and the sensed boundaries between # 8216 ; standard # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; irregular # 8217 ; are going progressively # 8216 ; fuzzy # 8217 ; . Today, tabloid newspapers in the UK such as the Sun, the Star and the Sport on a regular basis use slang in headlines and articles, while the quality imperativeness usage slang meagerly # 8211 ; normally for particular consequence # 8211 ; but the premise remains that readers have a on the job cognition of common slang footings. There has been surprisingly small unfavorable judgment of the usage of slang ( as opposed to the # 8216 ; swear-words # 8217 ; and supposed grammatical mistakes which invariably irritate British readers and hearers ) . The usage of slang signifiers portion of what linguists call code-switching or style-shifting # 8211 ; the commixture of and traveling between different linguistic communications, idioms or codifications. [ 5 ] 2.1 The beginning of slang Slang was the chief ground for the development of normative linguistic communication in an effort to decelerate down the rate of alteration in both spoken and written linguistic communication. Latin and French were the lone two linguistic communications that maintained the usage of normative linguistic communication in the fourteenth century. It was non until the early fifteenth century that scholars began forcing for a Standard English linguistic communication. During the Middle Ages, certain authors such as Chaucer, William Caxton, and William of Malmesbury represented the regional differences in pronunciations and idioms. The different idioms and the different pronunciations represented the first significance for the term slang. However, our contemporary significance for slang did non get down organizing until the 16th or seventeenth century. The English Criminal Cant developed in the sixteenth century. The English Criminal Cant was a new sort of address used by felons and darnels, intending it developed largely in barrooms and chancing houses. The English Criminal Cant was at first believed to be foreign, intending bookmans thought that it had either originated in Romania or had a relationship to French. The English Criminal Cant was slow development. In fact, out of the four million people who spoke English, merely approximately 10 thousand spoke the English Criminal Cant. By the terminal of the sixteenth century this new manner of speech production was considered to be a linguistic communication without ground or order . During the eighteenth century headmasters taught students to believe that the English Criminal Cant ( which by this clip had developed into slang ) was non the right use of English and slang was considered to be forbidden [ 6 ]. Because most people are persons who desire singularity, it stands to ground that slang has been in being for every bit long as linguistic communication has been in being. A slang look may all of a sudden go widely used and as rapidly dice ( 23-skiddoo ) . It may go accepted as standard address, either in its original slang significance ( coach from omnibus, cab, piano, phone, saloon rabble, dude ) or with an altered, perchance tamed significance ( wind, which originally had sexual intensions ) . Some looks have persisted for centuries as slang ( liquor for alcoholic drink ) . In the twentieth century, mass media and rapid travel have speeded up both the circulation and the death of slang footings. Television and novels have turned condemnable buzzword into slang ( five expansive for 5000 ) . Changing societal fortunes may excite the spread of slang. Drug-related looks ( such as pot and marihuana ) were virtually a secret slang in the 1940s ; in the sixtiess they were adopted by rebellious young person ; and in the 1970s and # 8217 ; 80s they were widely known. But this must be done by those whose female parent lingua is English. They and merely they, being native talkers of the English linguistic communication, are its Masterss and lawmakers. It is for them to put slang in its proper class by stipulating its characteristic characteristics. Many words once labeled as slang have now become legitimate units of the Standard English. Therefore, the word child ( =child ) , which was considered low slang in the 19thcentury, is now a legitimate conversational unit of the English literary linguistic communication. It sounds incredible but non so long ago the words: of class, to take attention, to acquire up, tiffin were considered to be slang. Lunch entered the linguistic communication after World War I is non used in some books that prefer dinner to tiffin . 2.2 Types of slang Slang users tend to contrive many more synonyms or near-synonyms than might be thought purely necessary: for illustration, felons may hold a twelve different monikers ( rod, hag, Fe, chrome ) for their guns, or for betrayers ( canary, grass, neb, fink ) ; drinkers can take from 100s of viing descriptions of a province of poisoning ( hammered, hamstered, langered, mullered ) [ 7 ] It is convenient to group slang words harmonizing to their topographic point in the vocabulary system and more exactly in the semantic system of the vocabulary. If they denote a new and necessary impression they may turn out an enrichment of the vocabulary and be accepted into Standard English. If on the other manus they make merely another add-on to a bunch of equivalent word and have nil but freshness to endorse them, they die out really rapidly, representing the most mutable portion of the vocabulary. Another type of categorization suggests subdivision harmonizing to the domain of use, into general slang and particular slang. [ 8 ]General slang includes words that are non specific for any societal or professional group, whereas particular slang is peculiar for some such group: adolescent slang, university slang, public school slang, Air Force slang, football slang, sea slang and so on. General slang is linguistic communication that talkers intentionally use to interrupt with the standard linguistic communication and to alter the degree of discourse in the way of formality. It signals the speakers` purpose to decline conventions [ 9 ]and their demand to be fresh and galvanizing in their look, to ease societal exchanges and bring on friendliness, to cut down inordinate earnestness and avoid clich # 233 ; s, in brief, to enrich the linguistic communication. General slang words have a broad circulation as they are neither group # 8211 ; nor capable # 8211 ; restricted. [ 10 ] You # 8217 ; ll hear Britishs refer to their currency as British pound, much in the same manner American dollars are vaulting horses and Canadian money is called Canadian dollars. If person asks to borrow a fairy off you, give them a coffin nail. In Britain, a buss is called a snog. If person is knackered, that means they are exhausted. If person is referred to as a minger , that means that they # 8217 ; re unattractive. If person tells you to Bugger off! good, it is suggested that you go off. Alternatively of Hi, how are you? travel with the quick and easy British Alright? No reply is expected. Emphasize illustriousness. These include barry, one and kewl. The latter sort of sounds like cool but you # 8217 ; ll know the difference in your bosom. Abuse others. Naming person an arseface or a sardine will be even more the merrier if they have no hint you are dissing them to their face. Throw in the emphasized bloody a batch. Bloody this, bloody that and bloody everything. The British are besides known to set it in the center of words for even more accent, such as absobloodlylutely. Describe rummies. Slang is ever full of euphemisms for rummy in any linguistic communication. The British versions include airlocked and bevvied up, as in full of drink. Particular slang is linguistic communication that talkers use to demo their belonging to a group and set up solidarity or familiarity with the other group members. [ 11 ]It is frequently used by talkers to make their ain individuality, including facets such as societal position and geographical belonging, or even age, instruction, business, life style, and particular involvements. It is mostly used by people of a common age and experience to beef up the bonds within their ain equal group, maintaining the older coevals at a distance. [ 12 ]It is besides used by people sharing the same business to increase efficiency in communicating ; or by those sharing the same life conditions to conceal secret information from people in authorization. It is eventually used by people sharing an attitude or a life manner to reenforce their group coherence, maintaining insiders together and foreigners out. Particular slang tends to arise in subcultures within a society. Occupational groups ( for illustration, lumbermans, constabulary, medical professionals, and computing machine specializers ) are outstanding conceivers of both slang and slang ; other groups making slang include the armed forces, adolescents, racial minorities, citizens-band radiobroadcasters, athleticss groups, drug nuts, felons, and even spiritual denominations. Slang looks frequently embody attitudes and values of group members. They may therefore lend to a sense of group individuality and may convey to the hearer information about the talker s background. While some slang words and phrases are used throughout all of Britain ( e.g. knackered, intending exhausted ) , others are restricted to smaller parts. a ) Cockney riming slang Cockney Rhyming Slang originated in the East End of London. Rhyming slang is a signifier of slang in which a word is replaced by a rhyming word, typically the 2nd word of a two-word phrase ( so stairs becomes apples and pears ) . The 2nd word is so frequently dropped wholly ( I m traveling up the apples ) , intending that the association of the original word to the riming phrase is non obvious to the naive. Rhyming Slang phrases are derived from taking an look which rhymes with a word and so utilizing that look alternatively of the word. For illustration the word expression rimes with meatman s hook . In many instances the rhyming word is omitted so you wo nt happen excessively many Londoners holding a bucher s hook , but you might happen a few holding a meatman s . The rhyming word is non ever omitted so Cockney looks can change in their building, and it is merely a affair of convention which version is used. In this list of illustration Cockney slang for parts of the organic structure, you ll detect that some looks omit the rhyming word but others do non. English Rhymes with Cockney Foot Home plates of meat Home plates Dentitions Hampstead Heath Hampsteads Legss Scotch eggs Scores Eyess Mince pies Minces Weaponries Chalk Farms Chalk Farms Hair Barnet Fair Barnet Head Loaf of staff of life Loaf of bread Face Boat race Boat race Mouth North and South North and South The proliferation of riming slang allowed many of its traditional looks to go through into common use. Some permutations have become comparatively widespread in Britain, for illustration scarper , intending to run away is derived from Scapa Flow intending to travel . To hold a meatman s , which means to hold a expression, from meatman s hook. For illustration utilize your loaf is an mundane phrase for the British, but non excessively many people realize it is Cockney Rhyming Slang ( loaf of staff of life: caput ) . There are many more illustrations of this unintentional usage of Cockney Rhyming Slang. [ 13 ] Television has raised consciousness of Cockney Rhyming Slang to far greater highs. Authoritative Television shows such as Steptoe and Son , Minder , Porridge and Merely Fools and Horses have done much to distribute the slang throughout Britain and to the remainder of the universe. Modern Cockney slang that is being developed today tends to merely rime words with the names of famous persons or celebrated people. There are really few new Cockney slang looks that do non follow this tendency. The lone 1 that has gained much land late that bucks this tendency is Wind and Kite intending Web site . This manner of rhyming has spread through many English-speaking states, where the original phrases are supplemented by rimes created to suit local demands. Creation of riming slang has become a word game for people of many categories and parts. The term Cockney rhyming slang is by and large applied to these enlargements to bespeak the rhyming manner ; though arguably the term merely applies to phrases used in the East End of London. Similar formations do be in other parts of the United Kingdom ; for illustration, in the East Midlands, the local speech pattern has formed Derby Road , which rhymes with cold : a concurrence that would non be possible in any other idiom of the UK. Examples of Rhyming Slang B ) Polari Polari ( or instead Parlare, Parlary, Palare, Palarie, Palari, Parlyaree, from Italian parlare, to speak ) was a signifier of buzzword slang used in Britain by histrions, circus or fairground showmen, felons, cocottes etc. , and recently by the cheery subculture. It was revived in the 1950s and 1960s by its usage by cantonment characters Julian and Sandy in the popular BBC wireless shows Beyond our Ken and Round the Horne, but its beginnings can be traced back to at least the nineteenth century ( or, harmonizing to at least one beginning, to the sixteenth century ) . There is some argument about how it originated. There is a longstanding connexion with Punch and Judy street marionette performing artists who traditionally used Polari to speak with each other. [ 14 ] Polari is a mixture of Romance ( Italian or Mediterranean Lingua Franca ) , Romany, London slang, backslang, riming slang, crewman slang, and stealers buzzword. Later it expanded to incorporate words from the Yiddish linguistic communication of the Jewish subculture which settled in the East End of London, the US forces ( present in the UK during World War II ) and 1960s drug users. It was a invariably developing signifier of linguistic communication, with a little nucleus vocabulary of about 20 words ( including bona, Ajax, eek, pod, naff, lattie, nanti, omi, palone, riah, zhoosh ( tjuz ) , TBH, trade, vada ) , with over 500 other lesser-known points. In 1990 Morrissey titled an album Bona Drag # 8211 ; Polari for nice outfit # 8211 ; and the rubric of his Piccadilly Palare individual that same twelvemonth is an alternate spelling of what would be Piccadilly Polari. Besides in 1990, amusing book author Grant Morrison created the character Danny the Street ( based on Danny La Rue ) , a sentient transvestic street for the amusing Doom Patrol. Danny speaks mostly in Polari. The 1998 movie Velvet Goldmine, which chronicles a fictional retelling of the rise and autumn of glam stone, contains a 60s flashback in which a group of characters converse in Polari, while their words are humorously subtitled below. In 2002, two books on Polari were published, Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men, and Fantabulosa: A Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang ( both by Paul Baker ) . Besides in 2002, hip hop creative person Juha released an album called Polari, with the chorus of the rubric vocal written wholly in the slang. Word Definition AC/DC a twosome Ajax nearby ( from adjacent? ) Alamo hot for you/him aunt nell listen, hear aunt nells ears aunt nelly shams earrings aunt nell danglers earrings barney a battle batts places bibi bisexual bijou small/little ( means gem in French ) blag choice up blue codification word for homosexual Human body organic structure degree Celsius ) Internet slang Internet slang ( Internet linguistic communication, Internet Short-hand, leet, netspeak or chatspeak ) is a type of slang that Internet users have popularized, and in many instances, have coined. Such footings frequently originate with the intent of salvaging key strokes. Many people use the same abbreviations in texting and instant messaging, and societal networking web sites. Acronyms, keyboard symbols and shortened words are frequently used as methods of abbreviation in Internet slang. In such instances, new idioms of slang, such as leet or Lolspeak, develop as clique memes instead than clip rescuers. In leet speak, letters may be replaced by characters of similar visual aspect. For this ground, leet is frequently written as l33t or 1337. The Internet has transformed the manner we manipulate our systems of marks and the relationships between manufacturers and consumers of information. Its consequence on slang has two facets. First, on-line communicating has generated its ain vocabulary of proficient nomenclature, basically slang ( Spam, blogging, phishing ) and informal, abbreviated or humourous footings ( addy, noob, barking moonbat etc. ) which qualify as slang. [ 15 ]The sum of new cyberslang is reasonably little, but the Internet has besides allowed the collection, sorting and advancing of slang from other beginnings in. Another proficient development # 8211 ; text messaging # 8211 ; has triggered alterations in the civilization of communicating, particularly among immature people, and brought with it, like wires, CB-radio or Internet chat rooms, a new signifier of brief codification. It has excited some academic linguists but it hasn # 8217 ; T, nevertheless, contributed anything meaningful to the development of slang. [ 16 ] Word or phrase Abbreviation ( s ) History Air Combat Command, acct or acnt Address addy or add And n, an, neodymium, or A ; Anticipate ntcp8 Alright aight or ight or aite Are you at that place? rut or u der At the minute standard pressure Equally far as I know afaik Back B Be right back brb Be back subsequently barrel Be back shortly bulletin board system Because cuz, bcuz, bcz, bcos, bc, cos, coz, czorbcoz Best friend or Boyfriend bf or b/f Between btwn or b/w By the manner btw Cousin cuzin or cuz Decidedly def or deffo Does it look like I give a crap? DILLIGAS Do nt cognize dunno Do nt worry dw Falling off chair express joying focl Everlastingly 4eva or 4evr or fo eva Girlfriend or GoodFriend gf or g/f Got to travel g2g or gtg Great gr8 Have a nice twenty-four hours H.A.N.D. Keep on hld on or h/o Homework hw, hwk or hmwk How are you hru I ca nt retrieve icr I know aino I know, right? ikr I love you ily, luv U, ilu, luv ya, one wub u or one lt ; 3 U, 143 ( I stands for one missive, Love stands for 4 letters, You stands for 3 letters ) Laugh out loud / tonss of love lol Laugh out loud ( multiple times ) lolliesm lulz or lolz Love luv or lt ; 3 Love you ( see besides I love you ) ly, lt ; 3u No job neptunium No thank you no tnk u, nty or no ty Oh My God omg or ( comically ) zomg, romg, womg, omgz O.k. K or kk Oh truly? orly? parents behind dorsum pbb Peace personal computer, pce, pece, or / Peoples ppl, cheeps Right On! Ro Rocking/Rock ( metal custodies ) m/ See you/see you subsequently cya, copper, or cya/cu l8er/l8a/l8r Sorry sry or soz Scare the crap out of my self/Scare the crap out of yourself stsooms/stsooys Talk to you subsequently ttyl or t2yl Ta-ta for now ttfn Thinking of you Plaything What the snake pit wth What s up swallow or zup vitamin D ) Slang of ground forces, constabulary. Military slang is an array of conversational nomenclature used normally by military forces, including slang which is alone to or originates with the armed forces. [ 17 ]# 183 ; The Andrew/Grey Funnel Ferries The Royal Navy, named for some of import chap or a Saint or something.# 183 ; Blighty The UK, the name was taken from a state in India# 183 ; Brag Rags Decorations.# 183 ; Cant-be-arrsed-itis -suffered chiefly by those on exercising# 183 ; Chin-strapped chin-strap tired knackered# 183 ; Combat Suit Jacket, pants, and perchance goon, cap, etc. , made from DPM stuff.# 183 ; Doss-bag Army Issue Barnes-Wallace, Gonk-bag and Green Maggot.# 183 ; Dust Washing pulverization.# 183 ; Gat rifle ( besides Bunduk, or Bang-Stick ) ( chiefly used by Hats ) .# 183 ; Green/Bleeds green a acute soldier, likely should watched suspiciously from a long manner off.# 183 ; NAAFI Navy, Army and Air Force Institutes . Quasi-civilian non-profit retaining such as tea, pies, bars and san dwiches to the military personnels within forts worldwide. Pronounced NAFF-ee , it was created in 1921 to run recreational constitutions for the Armed forces to sell goods to military mans and their households. It runs nines, bars, ( EFI ) , which provides NAAFI installations in war zones.# 183 ; Puttees long strips of flannel cloth in sunglassess of khaki, rifle green or black, wrapped tightly at the top of ankle-boots to supply support over unsmooth land ( now CVHQ RA )# 183 ; Sangar perchance derived from the Indian ; normally a low wall with side wings built to give screen from fire in countries where excavation is hard or impossible.# 183 ; Sky Pilot The Padre he s got his caput in the clouds speaking to his foreman.# 183 ; Stripey Sergeant.# 183 ; Teeny-weeny Airways The Army Air Corps.# 183 ; Warry ( or War-y ) aggressive, militaristic ; can be an abuse.# 183 ; Webing cotton for belt as worn by the type of ladies I neer get to run into, and several dodgy RM types dow n Union St. There are more than a 100 words for constabulary in different glossaries.. And this is by no means a alone instance. [ 18 ] Names taken from the colouring of constabulary apparels or the colouring of constabulary autos: bluish male child, bluish denims, man-in-the-blue, salt and Piper nigrum, black and white, bluish and white ; A female constabulary officer: girlie bear, honey bear, lady bear, mamma bear, sugar bear, smokey beaver ; A metropolis police officer or rural constabularies: citty pool, state Joe, state mounty, small bear, local rube ; province constabulary: boogey adult male, male child lookouts, province bears, whatevers ; barnies, bear, bearded bubby, large brother, bull, Dudley, do-right, Peter Rabbit ; An unmarked or concealed constabulary auto: brown-paper bag, dark sycophant, pink panther, slick top, underhand serpent ; A radio detection and ranging unit: scattergun, electric dentition, arms-runner, Kojak with a Kodak, smoke screenA constabulary chopper: bear in the air, oculus in the sky, undercover agent in the sky, chatter taleTher Names taken from the colouring of constabulary apparel s or the colouring of constabulary autos: bluish male child, bluish denims, man-in-the-blue, salt and Piper nigrum, black and white, bluish and white ; A female constabulary officer: girlie bear, honey bear, lady bear, mamma bear, sugar bear, smokey beaver ; A metropolis police officer or rural constabularies: citty pool, state Joe, state mounty, small bear, local rube ; province constabulary: boogey adult male, male child lookouts, province bears, whatevers ; barnies, bear, bearded bubby, large brother, bull, Dudley, do-right, Peter Rabbit ; An unmarked or concealed constabulary auto: brown-paper bag, dark sycophant, pink panther, slick top, underhand serpent ; A radio detection and ranging unit: scattergun, electric dentition, arms-runner, Kojak with a Kodak, smoke screenA constabulary chopper: bear in the air, oculus in the sky, undercover agent in the sky, chatter taleTher vitamin E have found new looks for an already established construct ; such looks that make them look to be stating one thing while they are truly pass oning something really different to insiders.Offences and description # 183 ; ABH: Actual bodily injury# 183 ; D A ; D: Drunk And Disorderly# 183 ; DIP: Drunkard In Public# 183 ; GBH: Dangerous Bodily Harm# 183 ; TDA: Pickings and Driving Away# 183 ; TWOC: Taken Without Owner s Consent Initialisms depicting state of affairss Initialisms depicting state of affairss # 183 ; ASNT: Area Searched No Trace# 183 ; FATAC: Fatal Road Traffic Accident# 183 ; MFH: Missing From Home# 183 ; NAI: Non-Accidental Injury# 183 ; RTA: Road-Traffic Accident Assorted initialisms Assorted initialisms # 183 ; ARV: Armed Response Vehicle# 183 ; TFU: Tactical Firearms Unit# 183 ; SOCO: Scenes Of Crime Officer ; a forensic offense scene tester# 183 ; VSS: Victim Support Scheme Assorted abbreviations Assorted abbreviations # 183 ; MISPER: Missing individual# 183 ; POLAC: A hit affecting a constabulary vehicle# 183 ; WOFF: Write off ; a vehicle or other belongings deemed a entire loss for insurance intents# 183 ; WINQ: Warrant enquiry vitamin E ) Money slang While the beginnings of these slang footings are many and assorted, surely a batch of English money slang is rooted in assorted London communities, which for different grounds liked to utilize linguistic communication merely known in their ain circles, notably sweeping markets, street bargainers, offense and the underworld, the docks, taxi-cab drive, and the immigrant communities. London has for centuries been highly widely distributed, both as a travel hub and a topographic point for foreign people to populate and work and get down their ain concerns. This contributed to the development of some lingua franca looks, i.e. , mixtures of Italian, Grecian, Arabic, Yiddish ( Judaic European/Hebrew idiom ) , Spanish and English which developed to enable understanding between people of different nationalities, instead like a pidgin or intercrossed English. Certain lingua franca blended with parlyaree or polari , which is fundamentally underworld slang. Backslang besides contributes several slang money words. Backslang reverses the phonic ( sound of the ) word, non the spelling, which can bring forth some unusual readings, and was popular among market bargainers, meatmans and greengrocers. Here are the most common and/or interesting British slang money words and looks, with significances, and origins where known. Many are now disused ; typically words which relate to pre-decimalisation coins, although some have re-emerged and go on to make so. Some non-slang words are included where their beginnings are peculiarly interesting, as are some interesting slang money looks which originated in other parts of the universe, and which are now come ining the English linguistic communication. [ 19 ] Here are some illustrations of money slang words: archer = two thousand lbs ( # 163 ; 2,000 ) , tardily twentieth century, from the Jeffrey Archer tribunal instance in which he was alleged to hold bribed call-girl Monica Coughlan with this sum. ayrton senna/ayrton = 10 ( 10 lbs, # 163 ; 10 ) Cockney riming slang created in the 1980s or early 90s, from the name of the peerless Brazilian universe title-holder Formula One racing driver, Ayrton Senna ( 1960-94 ) , who won universe rubrics in 1988, 90 and 91, before his tragic decease at San Marino in 1994. bag/bag of sand = expansive = one 1000 lbs ( # 163 ; 1,000 ) , apparently recent Cockney riming slang, in usage from around the mid-1990s in Greater London ; possibly more widely excessively. saloon = a lb, from the late 1800s, and earlier a crowned head, likely from Romany itinerant bauro significance heavy or large, and besides influenced by allusion to the Fe bars use as trading currency used with Africans, plus a possible mention to the usage of casting of cherished metal in bars. bender = tanner ( 6d ) Another slang term with beginnings in the 1800s when the coins were really solid Ag, from the pattern of proving genuineness by seize with teething and flexing the coin, which would being made of near-pure Ag have been softer than the shams. bees ( bees and honey ) = money. Cockney riming slang from the late 1800s. Besides shortened to beesum ( from bees and, bees n , to beesum ) . large ben ten lbs ( # 163 ; 10 ) the amount, and a 10 lb note Cockney riming slang. boodle = money. boom = money, normally unexpected addition and excess to an agreed or predicted payment, typically non realised by the remunerator. chou = money in bills, rug = three lbs ( # 163 ; 3 ) or three hundred lbs ( # 163 ; 300 ) , or sometimes 30 lbs ( # 163 ; 30 ) . This has confusing and convoluted beginnings, from every bit early as the late 1800s: It seems originally to hold been a slang term for a three month prison sentence, based on the followers: that carpet bag was Cockney riming slang for a drag , which was by and large used to depict a three month sentence ; besides that in the prison workshops it purportedly took 90 yearss to bring forth a certain regulation-size piece of rug ; and there is besides a belief that captives used to be awarded the luxury of a piece of rug for their cell after three twelvemonth s captivity. The term has since the early 1900s been used by bookmakers and horse-racing, where rug refers to odds of three-to-one, and in auto dealing, where it refers to an sum of # 163 ; 300. bit = a shilling ( 1/- ) and earlier, mid-late 1800s a lb or a crowned head. Harmonizing to Cassells bit intending a shilling is from horse-racing and betting. The association with a chancing bit is logical. Chip and come offing besides have more general associations with money and peculiarly money-related offense, where the derivations become blurred with other underworld significances of bit associating to sex and adult females ( possibly from the Gallic chipie intending a vibrant adult female ) and narcotics ( in which bit refers to thining or planing from a cargo, as in come offing off a little piece of the drug or the net income ) . ball = a penny ( 1d ) . Clod was besides used for other old Cu coins. From Cockney riming slang brogan ( = Cu ) . coal = a penny ( 1d ) . Besides referred to money by and large, from the late 1600s, when the slang was based merely on a metaphor of coal being an indispensable trade good for life. The spelling kale was besides used. prick and biddy = ten lbs. The 10 lb significance of prick and biddy is twentieth century riming slang. Cock and hen besides cockerel and biddy has carried the riming slang significance for the figure 10 for longer. Its transportation to ten lbs logically grew more popular through the inflationary 1900s as the 10 lb sum and bill became more common currency in people s rewards and billfolds, and hence linguistic communication. Cock and biddy besides gave rise to the fluctuations cockeren, cockeren and biddy, biddy, and the natural rhyming slang short version, cock all significance ten lbs. commodore = 15 lbs ( # 163 ; 15 ) . The beginning is about surely London, and the clever and amusive derivation reflects the humor of Londoners: Cockney riming slang for five lbs is a lady , ( from Lady Godiva = five-spot ) ; 15 lbs is three-times five lbs ( 3x # 163 ; 5= # 163 ; 15 ) ; Three Times a Lady is a vocal recorded by the group The Commodores ; and there you have it: Three Times a Lady = 15 lbs = a commodore. ( Thanks Simon Ladd, Jun 2007 ) cattles = a lb, 1930s, from the riming slang cow s licker = neigh ( neigh means a lb ) . The word cows means a individual lb since technically the word is cow s, from cow s licker. deep sea frogman = five-spot ( # 163 ; 5 ) , heard in usage Oxfordshire tardily 1990s, this is riming slang dating from the 1940s. dosh = slang for a sensible sum of disbursement money, for case sufficiency for a night-out . Almost surely and logically derived from the slang doss-house , intending a really inexpensive inn or room, from Elizabethan England when doss was a straw bed, from dossel intending package of straw, in bend from the Gallic dossier significance package. dough = money. From the Cockney riming slang and metaphoric usage of bread . dunop/doonup = lb, backslang from the mid-1800s, in which the slang is created from a reversal of the word sound, instead than the spelling, therefore the loose correlativity to the beginning word. flag = five lb note ( # 163 ; 5 ) , UK, notably in Manchester.The word flag has been used since the 1500s as a slang look for assorted types of money, and more late for certain notes. Originally ( 16th-19thC ) the slang word flag was used for an English fourpenny fourpence coin, derived perchance from Middle Low German word Vleger intending a coin worth more than a Bremer fourpence ( Cassells ) . flim/flimsy = five lbs ( # 163 ; 5 ) , early 1900s, so called because of the thin and flimsy paper on which five lb notes of the clip were printed. folding/folding stuff/folding money/folding green = bills, particularly to distinguish or underscore an sum of money as would be impractical to transport or pay in coins, typically for a dark out or to settle a measure. Folding, turn uping material and turn uping money are all popular slang in London. foont/funt = a lb ( # 163 ; 1 ) , from the mid-1900s, derived from the German word pfund for the UK lb. french/french loaf = four lbs, most probably from the 2nd half of the 1900s, Cockney riming slang for rofe ( French loaf = rofe ) , which is backslang for four, besides intending four lbs. Easy when you know how.. garden/garden gate = eight lbs ( # 163 ; 8 ) , Cockney riming slang for eight, of course extended to eight lbs. In spoken usage a garden is eight lbs. Incidentally garden gate is besides riming slang for magistrate, and the plural garden Gatess is riming slang for rates. The word garden characteristics strongly in London, in celebrated topographic point names such as Hatton Garden, the diamond one-fourth in the cardinal City of London, and Covent Garden, the site of the old vegetable market in West London, and besides the term appears in sexual euphemisms, such as sitting in the garden with the gate unlocked , which refers to a careless gestation. generalise/generalize = a shilling ( 1/- ) , from the mid 1800s, thought to be backslang. Besides meant to impart a shilling, seemingly used by the in-between categories, presumptively to avoid embarrassment. Given that backslang is based on phonic word sound non spelling, the transition of shilling to generalise is merely approximately apprehensible, if slightly tenuous, and in the absence of other account is the merely known possible derivation of this uneven slang. gen net/net gen = 10 shillings ( 1/- ) , backslang from the 1800s ( from ten gen ) . expansive = a thousand lbs ( # 163 ; 1,000 or $ 1,000 ) Not pluralised in full signifier. Shortened to G ( normally plural signifier besides ) or less normally G s . Originated in the USA in the 1920s, logically an association with the actual significance full or big. leafy vegetables = money, normally old-style green coloured lb notes, but actully using to all money or cash-earnings since the slang derives from the Cockney riming slang: greengages ( = rewards ) . 2.3 Phonetic distinctive features of slang While many slang words introduce new constructs, some of the most effectual slang provides new looks fresh, satirical, flooring for established constructs, frequently really respectable 1s. Sound is sometimes used as a footing for this type of slang, as, for illustration, in assorted phonic deformations ( e.g. , hog Latin footings ) . It is besides used in riming slang, which employs a fortunate combination of both sound and imagination. Therefore, baseball mitts are Stictopelia cuneatas ( the gloved custodies proposing a brace of charging doves ) , a miss is a turn and kink ( the motion proposing a miss walking ) , and an contemptuous imitation of fart, produced by blowing air between the tip of the protruded lingua and the upper lip, is the raspberry, cut back from raspberry prostitute. Most slang, nevertheless, depends upon incongruousness of imagination, conveyed by the lively intensions of a fresh term applied to an established construct. Slang is non all of equal qual ity, a considerable organic structure of it reflecting a simple demand to happen new footings for common 1s, such as the custodies, pess, caput, and other parts of the organic structure. Food, drink, and sex besides involve extended slang vocabulary. Strained or synthetically invented slang deficiencies verve, as can be seen in the despairing attempts of some sports writers to avoid adverting the word baseball e.g. , a hitter does non hit a baseball but instead swats the horsehide, plasters the pill, heave the old apple over the fencing, and so on. [ 20 ] If we try to qualify riming slang in peculiar, we can happen such phonic characteristics: 1.Monophthongization This affects the lexical set oral cavity vowel. Wells believes that it is widely agreed that the oral cavity vowel is a standard for separating between true Cockney and popular London and other more standard speech patterns. Cockney use would include monophthongization of the word. Examples: oral cavity = mauf instead than talk 2. Glottal halt Wells describes the glottal halt as besides peculiarly characteristic of Cockney and can be manifested in different ways such as T glottalling in concluding place. A 1970s survey of schoolchildren populating in the East End found /p, T, k/ about constantly glottalized in concluding place. Examples: cat = up = sock = It can besides attest itself as a bare as the realisation of word internal intervocalic /t/ Examples: Waterloo = Waerloo City = Ciy A drink of H2O = A drin a waer A small spot of staff of life with a spot of butter on it = A lile Bi of breab wiv a Bi of buer on I . As would be expected, a Cockney talker uses fewer glottal Michigans for T or vitamin D than a London talker. However, there are some words where the skip of T has become really recognized. Examples: Gatwick = Gawick Scotland = Scoland statement = Staemen web = Ne work 3. Dropped H at get downing of words ( Voiceless glottal spirant ) In the working-class ( common ) speech patterns throughout England, H dropping at the beginning of certain words is heard frequently, but it`s surely heard more in Cockney, and in speech patterns closer to Cockney. The use is strongly stigmatized by instructors and many other standard talkers. Examples: house = `ouse cock = `ammer 4. TH looking Another really good known feature of Cockney is th looking which involves the replacing of the dental spirants, and by labiodentals [ degree Fahrenheit ] and [ v ] severally. Examples: thin = five brother = bruvver three = free bath = vomit 5. Vowel take downing Examples: dinner = dinna marrow= marra 6. Prosody The voice quality of Cockney has been described as typically affecting chest tone instead than head tone and being equated with unsmooth and rough sounds versus the velvety smoothness of the Kensington or Mayfair speech patterns spoken by those in other more upscale countries of London. 7. Rhyme Cockney English is besides characterized by its ain particular vocabulary and use in the signifier of Cockney riming slang . The manner it works is that you take a brace of associated words where the 2nd word rhymes with the word you intend to state, so utilize the first word of the associated brace to bespeak the word you originally intended to state. Some rimes have been in usage for old ages and are really good recognized, if non used, among talkers of other speech patterns. Examples:apples and pears -stairshome bases of meat -feet There are others, nevertheless, that go established with the changing civilization. Examples:John Cleese cheeseJohn Major beeper 2.4 Morphologic features of slang Slang comes to be a really legion portion of the English linguistic communication. It is considered to be one of the chief representatives of the state itself. The birth of new words consequences from the order of the modern society. Slang arises due to our leaning for replacing old denominations by expressive 1s. And yet the turning popularity of every new creative activity prevents it from staying fresh and impressive. What was felt as strikingly witty yesterday becomes dull and stale today, since everybody knows it and uses it. So how do the slang words come to life? There are several ways of slang words formation: 1. Assorted figures of address participate in slang formation. For illustration: upperstorey-head ( metaphor ) skirt-girl ( metonymy ) killing-astonishing ( exaggeration ) some-excellent or bad ( understatement ) clear as clay ( sarcasm ) Slang points normally arise by the same means in which new words enter the general vocabulary. 2. The slang word can look thanks to the recycling of the words and parts of words, which are already in the linguistic communication. Expressions may take signifier as metaphors, similes, and other figures of address ( dead as a doornail ) .Some slang formation follow the regulations of Standard English. F.e. , slang behaves on a regular basis in the forming of denominal adjectives by # 8211 ; y suffixation ( e.g. cbordy- Moody, cbord-a bad temper, gobby-mouthy, slang gob-mouth ) and deverbal adjectives by # 8211 ; able suffixation ( shaggable- slang to shag # 8211 ; to fornicate ) . It uses the postfix # 8211 ; ette to denote female sex as in punkette ( a female hood ) . It uses the verbal prefix de- to convey a sense of remotion or want to the base as in de-bag # 8211 ; to take pants. [ 21 ] Wordss may get new significances ( cool, cat ) . A narrow significance may go generalised ( scab, originally a scab, subsequently a informer or disappointer ) or vice-versa ( heap, a creaky auto ) . Most affixation tend to belong to extragrammatical morphology, though they exhibit a certain regularity and stableness. Slang has some productive postfixs which are either fresh ( eg. -o/oo, -eroo, -ers ) or used otherwise from Standard English. The slang postfix # 8211 ; o means either a stupid stupid individual ( dumbo, thicko ) or a individual with a peculiar habbit or characteristic ( eg. Saddo, sicko ) . This postfix seems to be productive in the devising of signifiers of reference ( kiddo, yobbo ) A pile of the postfix # 8211 ; er with # 8211 ; o/oo produces # 8211 ; eroo in slang as in smackeroo, intending the same as smacker but with a more light # 8211 ; hearted angle. Another profilic slang pile is # 8211 ; Ers as in some brace nouns ( cobblers, buckeyes, knackers ) , plural nouns ( choppers-teeth, pants ) and uncountable nouns ( ackers-money, uppers- pep pill ) . The slang postfix # 8211 ; Ers frequently occurs after abbreviation as in swimmers ( bathing costumes ) , brekkers ( breakfast ) , potatos ( murphies ) . The postfix # 8211 ; s lost its inflectional significance in slang and conveys new significance to the base: afters- sweet, flicks- film, messages- food markets. The usage of # 8211 ; ed is besides notable in slang. It is added to noun to obtain adjectives: boxed, brained, hammered, ratted. # 8211 ; er in slang gives unpredictable sense as in belter- first-class thing or event, bottler-person who easy gives up. 3. Intensifying makes one word from two. Initial and concluding combination have escalating map: butt naked- to the full naked, butt ugly- wholly ugly ; earache- a chatty individual, faceache # 8211 ; a suffering looking individual, airhead-someone out of touch with world, homeboy-a individual from the same hometown Infixs are unknown in standard English being a distinctive feature of slang. Bloody, sleep togethering are used to supply