The Tourism Industry In Malaysia Tourism Essay

The Tourism Industry In Malaysia Tourism Essay This chapter includes parts. Part 1 is about the background of the tourism industry in Malaysia. Part 2 is about the problem statement. The following part is about the objectives of study and hypotheses of the study. Last part is significance of the study. The tourism industry in Malaysia can be considered as one of the most important and strategic industries in the Malaysia sector. Compared with other industry sector in Malaysia, the tourism industry has been estimated to boost the Gross Domestic Income so that Malaysia can be a developed nation by 2020. For example, the estimation about China tourism industry is expand accordingly to Table 1 with market share of 8.6% and will have a drastically growth in future around 8.0% in year 2020. Since the china have focusing on increase the tourism industry to boost the gross domestic income, Malaysia government are also trying to promote Malaysia as tourism country especially through a lot of advertising from inside or outside of Malaysia region. Currently, there are advertising Malaysia tourism industry with the slogan of Malaysia Truly Asia. The Malaysia tourism industry are developing because from the above table 2 show that the number of hotel was supply in Malaysia are there same amount that is 2,373 from to 2008 to 2009 but the number of hotel in every state are increasing especially for Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Perak, Pulau Pinang, Johor and Sabah . There are only two state which numbers of hotel are decreasing are Putrajaya and Pahang. Furthermore, the total numbers of room supply are increasing about 1.9% from 165739 rooms to 168844 rooms for 2009. According to the table 2, there are increasing numbers of hotel and rooms by state showing the trend of tourist are increasing. The tables 3 are showing the number of tourist arrival from outside of Malaysia on year 2008 and 2009.The total number of foreigner tourist arrival Malaysia are increasing from 22052488 people to 23646191 people and the percentage increase about 7.2%. There are some factors which lead to encourage outside tourist to visit Malaysia, although there are a barrier of distance between other country and Malaysia but the number of foreigner are still increasing from year 2008 to 2009. Although there are distance but the tourism keep visiting Malaysia from one year to one year. 1.3 Problem Statement With the fast development of information communication technologies (ICTs) and the expansion of the Internet has affected the tourism industry structures around the world. New technologies have been adopted in the tourism industry in lot of country for more than 30 years, and the trend is likely to continue into the future. For example China, as a fast-growing developing country in Asia, is gaining importance in the international tourism market for its historical and cultural attractiveness as a destination. It is also becoming a booming tourism source country as its population starts travelling overseas. This study examines how the ICT and Internet gradually change the tourism industry structure in China; how important such changes are, and to where such changes will lead Chinas tourism industry. Does Malaysia have the same situation such as China? In this research, the main purpose to conduct is to examine the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism agencies. As we know ITs become instrumental to boost their competitiveness in the tourism industries. The evolution of ITs processing power in the last decade have change their capabilities as they constantly increase the ability of technology to influence the tourism industry. With the innovation in technology, ensure the tourism industry bigger market which had leaded to increase the Gross Domestic Income. Moreover, as the technology going advance bring lot change to tourism industry and bring more advantage to this industry. What are the factors that give a positive impact to tourism from the use of information technology? This survey being conducted to explorer the factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism agencies. Other than that, as many tourism agencies acknowledge that the impacts of information technology to Malaysia tourism industry are becoming more obvious nowadays. Today tourism industries are very different compare to era of 90s, especially the trend of tourist are changing also has change drastically especially after population of human is increase from year to year. Is that socio-economic influence a tourist choosing their vacation? Socio-economic is the study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. Socio-economic includes age, salaries, education, gender and others. Both high salaries and low salaries tourist will choose the dissimilar vacation. The level education also may effect for the choosing of one location for vacation. Males and females are also preferred to difference location for vacation. Mostly probably we will know what are the personal traits of tourist which lead them to choose one location as their vacation? As the diffusion of information technology occurs globally lead a use of different type of information technology for Malaysia tourism agencies. For example in tourism is the re-engineering of the booking process, which becomes rationalized and enables both consumers and the industry to save more time especially in identifying, reserving and purchasing tourism products. Moreover, tourists will be able to browse through the Internet and identify a rich variety of source from different information technology in order to make travel choices suited to their personal requirements. For example the Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), Global Distribution Systems (GDSs), the emerging super highway by using the Internet and the World Wide Web and other information technology. Which is the most capable type of information technology being use by the tourist especially when they wanted to go for a vacation in Malaysia? 1.4 Objectives of study The objectives are to examine the use of information technology in Malaysias tourism industry. The specific objectives are: To identify factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. To examine the tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. To examine the relationship between different type of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. 1.5 Hypotheses of the study Based on the study, we are finding out whether the factor that encourage use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry got relate with the use of different type of information technology through the tourist personal trend from innovation of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. There are list of for the hypothesis development: H1: Factors that encourage use of information technology will predict significantly the different type of information technology. H2: There will be a significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology H3: tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology will significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. H4: tourist personal trend from the innovation of information technology will mediate the relationships between that encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. 1.6 Significance of the study This study will show the trend of tourism industry in Malaysia can help academicians or practitioner to improve and enhance their understanding about the factors that encourage use of information technology are the most important factor in Malaysia tourism industry and how it can how it can give impact to the use of different type of information technology in tourism industry through the trend of tourist personnel trend from innovation of information technology. Through this study also can help the people of this country to identify the drastic changing in tourism industry nowadays because of the influence of information technology in this industry. As a result, most of tourism agencies going to use information technology to advertise and this encourage tourist choose different type of information technology for purpose to travel. The finding from the study can help the tourism agencies or researcher to more understand the evolution of ITs processing power in the last decade have change their capabilities as they constantly increase the ability of technology to influence the tourism industry. There is different capable type of information technology being use by the tourist especially when they wanted to go for a vacation. With the huge no of tourist from outside and inside of Malaysia has leaded to increase the Gross Domestic Income. Besides that, the trend of tourist are changing also has change drastically especially after population of human is increase from year to year. Through this study, can help tourism or researcher more focus on the personnel trend of tourist to ensure every aspect of tourist behavior being update accordingly to current situation. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter is discussing about use of information technology in tourism industry. 2.2.1 Literature review As the tourism industry are growing up in other countries like China tourism industry compare with Malaysia tourism. Although with new form of tourism has grow rapidly but the size and destination of Chinese outbound travel are still become an obstacle to China because of their government policies. The CPC Central Committee at its conference about economy in late 1998 giving opinion that the tourist industry as one of the new growth points of the national economy in the years to come (Qian, 1999) Therefore, Hong Kong, Macao, some of the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asia Nations) countries, Australia and South Korea have choose China as their major target market by setting up a variety of promotion campaigns. Based on the state statistics, among the countrys 5,201 hotels entitled to accommodate overseas visitors in 1997, 734 were joint venture hotels with over 330,000 hotel bed-spaces, making up 23.5 per cent of the grand total of hotel bed-spaces in the country (CNTA, 1998). Incre asingly, ICTs play a critical role for the competitiveness of tourism organizations and destinations as well as for the entire industry as a whole (UNWTO, 2001).Based on the previous researcher, tourists who searched on the Internet mostly spend more time at their destinations as compared to those who consult other information sources.(Bonn, Furr, Susskind, 1998; Luo, Feng, Cai, 2004). There are other countries resources about tourism industry which to use as variable to measure factor the use of information technology that affect Malaysia tourism industry. By using some example about the advantage of information technology especially online application as variable to test the factor will give impact to the Malaysias tourism. Those variables may include pricing, less time spent on waiting and planning more time on enjoyment, increased the number of choice for consumer, effective mechanism to air complain, and many other factors. Other than that, the internet provides a best solution to sell their products globally to potential travelers at anytime. For example, the supplier can monitor their servers by depend on the display information of product and services at an electronic speed (Inkpen, 1998: Law, 2000). As in the modern era, Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) have impact on the process of how business is performed and how organizations compete with it (Porter, 1985, 2001; Porter Millar, 1985). There are reason of encourages the use of travel agencies is because personal agencies be able to provide personal information and advice to traveler (Palmer and McCole(1999) ; and walle(1996). For tourist, they make reservations and receive tickets at home through travel websites which can save their time on waiting and planning (OConnor Frew, 2001). As we know, there are factor which emphasizes the online booking for air ticket because this will convenient the tourist. Based on information technology applications, there are also e-shopping which provides a large geographic coverage that allows consumers to buy from a great variety of product when they shop at home (Peterson et al., 1997). Moreover, ICTs also become a very effective mechanism for consumers to make air complaints. Based on previous record there are less than 5 percent of customers who were dissatisfied and already voiced out their complaints using online application (Albrecht Zemke, 1985). For example Electronic Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) becomes useful tool to voice complaints about brands through websites, chat rooms and consumer forums (Gelb Sundaram, 2002). There are some sources call Untied.co is probably one of the most famous examples for one individual who not only used his website to complain against United Airlines himself but also to accumulate thousands of complaints from other traveler. The research being carried up to know whether Malaysia tourist using information technology when they want to travel because of is depend on the effective mechanism to voice some complain. Nowadays, individuals have enough power to take on powerful organizations such as airlines (Buhalis, 2004).This show how effe ctive the impact of information technology on tourism industry around whole world. In addition, according to (Shea, Enghagen, and Khullar, 2004) have illustrated a real case Yours is a very bad Hotel Which publish the unpleasant experience made by at least seven newspapers and magazines report. In this literature review, (Werthner and Ricci, 2004) have found that the tourism industry is leading through e-Commerce applications. This application being applied in many Malaysia tourism agencies because of the effeteness of information technology. The information technology was fully supports by Three-dimensional (3D) interactive websites have attracted the online consumer to do online purchases, and to create loyalty (Fiore, Kim Lee, 2005). Furthermore, tourists can get visualized tourism information from digital maps with aerial and satellite images in both two dimensions and even three dimensions (Raggam Almer, 2005).With this kind of information technology will lead to the factor which encourages Malaysia tourism industry to growth stable. This study reviewed the literature to determine factors encourage the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. In this literature review, the objective show that the impacts of information technology to Malaysia tourism industry are becoming more obvious nowadays until change the personnel trait of the tourist when choosing one location as their vacation. This may involve the socio-economic about study of the relationship between economic activity and social life. Travel and holidays are one of the most expensive items purchased regularly by households around the world and it represents a significant proportion of individuals annual budget. The Internet has changed tourism consumer behavior dramatically (Mills Law, 2004). Moreover, majority of the customers search for travel related information, air ticket bookings using online, room reservations by online and other by online purchases themselves by travel agencies to undertake this process for them (Morrison et al., 2001). According to (Gursoy and McCleary, 2004) already have developed a comprehensive theoretical model that integrated all p sychological, economics, and processing approaches into a cohesive whole for understanding tourists information by seeking their behavior. Normally, through the increasingly of profiling will bring a better personalization, customization and interaction between consumers and tourism organizations. According to (Pouloudi, Vassilopoulou, and Ziouvelou, 2002) have stated that the Internet users profiles mostly divide into seven e-social factors, namely: geography, culture, regulation, economic, professional, social capital, and social structure. Although the online travel sales and marketing volume keeps increasing, they not depend fully to information technology application but traveler or tourist still depend on travel agents for some human touch and service( Palmer and McCole and Travel Association of America, 1998). Mostly probably when the web users search for travel information, they will tend to browse online about their holiday vacation through multiple websites. As a result, their start finding information in a generic search engine likes Google. By ensure there are systematic applications such as recommender system to ensure assistance in the social process of indicating about what options are better suited in a specific case for some individuals (Resnick Varian, 1997, Gretzel et al,, 2004). With this recommender system can provide valuable information to assist consumers decision making process (Ricci, 2002). Other than that, with this kind of recommender system can help travelers when facing complex decision-making process by correlating those to other consumers and their preferences and also by identifying better customer requirements (Fesenmaier, Werthner, Wà ¶ber, 2003, Ricci Werthner, 2002, 2006). In Malaysia, majority of the tourist still depend on tourism agencies to choose their vacation. Selection of vacation destinations and the choice of leisure activities throughout the vacation, and with other travel-related decisions are based on personality (Mardrigal, 1995). In some of the information search being make, behavior has a significant relationship with demographic and lifestyle characteristics. For example in online ticket reservation booking for room of hotel which can allow consumers to set their online profile and to include personal data that suit their preference. Thus, with such application can support tourism organizations to provide better service in future to the consumer especially the tourist. In tourism if there are understandings how different market segments appreciate different tourism products or services also can increase the possibilities to put suitable products forward for customer. For example, Lastminute.com is one of the web collects suitable information to personalize the weekly newsletter that being sent to consumers and also trace what parts of the newsletter are accessed by most of the consumers so can provide the right personalize in future. For tourism agencies in Malaysia, there are some web which provides demogr aphics and life cycle information about customer profiling. For example, when choosing a vacation for holidays depend on joint decision-making process between husbands and wives mostly. Other than that, children also can play a key role in the decision making process when involve choosing one location for vacation (Wang et al., 2004).With the attractive of the web because of games and chat-rooms on the Internet on some of the travel agencies web encourage some children often seek fun. As a result, children become the target of tourism attractions especially by provide some of interactive games in order to attract children to visit and engage with their websites (Tufte Rasmusse, 2003). Nowadays, consumer trend when using information technology to search information involve all layer of age. According to (Graeupl, 2006) the consumers aged between 50 to 60 are likely to become the most higher category involve in searching for flight information and accommodation are but most of them w ere not interested in package holidays. As a result, probably we will know there are different personal traits of tourist which lead them to choose one location as their vacation. 2.2 Proposed Theoretical Framework There are independent variables such as the factor that can influence type of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry. The independent variables in this research are factor that encourages the use of information technology on Malaysias tourism industry and the personnel traits of tourist are mediating variable. Factor there are encourage the use of information technology include the element of: Require less time and planning Price cheaper Effective mechanism to air complain Easy for making payment Increase of the number of choice for tourist The use of it without border or region barrier Virtual communities Meanwhile the dependent variable is the type of information technology use in tourism industry. The effective between factors that encourage the use of information technology on type of information technology through the personnel trait of tourist is show in diagrammed in figure 1: Independent Variables Factor of the use of IT on Malaysia tourism industry Time and planning Price Effective to air complain Easy for making payment number of choice for tourist The use without border or region barrier Virtual communities Dependent Variables Demographic variable Type of information technology on tourism industry Personnel trait of tourist Figure 1: Theoretical framework to describe effect between the factors that encourage the use of IT on type of information technology on tourism industry through personnel trait of tourist. 2.3 Hypothesis Development: A hypothesis of this study will develop to check the factor there are encourage the use of information technology on type of information technology through personnel trait of tourist. There are sample of 100 survey form being taken from different state in Malaysia to test the variable. The question is whether there is an effect between these variables. H01: Factors that encourage use of information technology will predict significantly the different type of information technology. Ha1: Factors that encourage use of information technology will not predict significantly the different type of information technology. H02: There will be a significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology. Ha2: There will be no significantly relationship between factors that encourage use of information technology and tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology. H03: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. Ha3: Tourist personnel l trend from the innovation of information technology will not significantly predict the use of different type of information technology. H04: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will mediate the relationships between that factor encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. Ha4: Tourist personnel trend from the innovation of information technology will not mediate the relationships between factor that encourage use of information technology and the use of different type of information technology. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.0 Introduction This chapter describes the research methodology used throughout the study. The study is to measure what is relationship between variables: factors that encourage the use of information technology, type of information technology and the personal trait of tourist. Topic included in this chapter is the overall research design which consists of seven chapters. First part is about the introduction, seconds is about the research design, third is data collection method ,fourth is sampling design, fourth is about the researcher instrument ,fifth involve measurement scales, sixth is data processing and last part is about data analysis statistic . 3.1 research design In the research design, there are an answer questions like how or why in designing the questionnaire (Robert K. Yin, 1994). In developing the questionnaire, there no fast rules. However there are some guideline that help prevent the most common mistake being make by researchers in develop a questionnaire. There criteria must be emphasized such as to avoid leading and loaded questions. Moreover, use of questionnaire techniques to collect data for this study. By planning on the research question can ensure the two criteria a questionnaire to meet the researchers purpose (Zigmund, 2002).The questionnaire must have relevancy and accuracy to objective. The use of word may bring to some of misleading thought (Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903). Thus, the questionnaire must be based on capability to avoid any order bias. There are also quantitative data which the number that can be used to measure the variable. There are either descriptive which mean subjects usually measured once or experimental which mean subjects measured before and after a treatment in the quantitative research designs (Will G Hopkins, 2000). When measurement the variable from theory it more on the numbers, and the neutrality makes them become the source of remedial suggestions ( Kuhn, 1961). Other than that, quantitative data very efficient because it be able to test the hypotheses but may miss some of contextual detail (Miles Huberman,1994).Moreover, the qualitative approach is a general way of thinking about conducting qualitative research. It describes, either explicitly or implicitly, In-Depth Interviews. 3.2. Data collection method Data refer to simply facts of certain phenomena (Zigmund, 2002). There are two type of data collection which divides into primary data and secondary data. The observed or collected directly from first-hand experience is called primary data .Other than that, published data and the data collected in the past or other parties, is called secondary data. Moreover, all data are classified into qualitative or quantitative from the primary data and secondary data. 3.2.1 Primary data This study utilized primary data collected survey in different state in Malaysia. A questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 100 respondents near to vacation which have many tourists near different state in Malaysia. A personal questionnaire was designed to solicit firstly: socio-economic profile of respondents; and secondly, to measure some consumer attitudinal dimension towards fundamental aspects of choosing a vacation using information technology which include time and planning, price, effective to air complain, easy for making payment, number of choice for tourist, the use without border or region barrier, and virtual communities. The socio-economic variables include: age, gender, race, education, income level and occupation. Likert scales were employed to measure the intensity of the consumers attitude towards the proposed concepts or statements. (Fatimah Mohd Arshad et al, 2001). 3.2.2 Secondary data Secondary data are usually historical, already assembly, and do not require access to respondents or subjects. The fact finding of it is aimed at collecting descriptive information to support decision making. The use of secondary data is to get more accurate information. Secondary data being used as the  research design  due to primary research and can provide a guide which the collected primary data results can be compared to it. 3.3 Sampling design 3.3.1 Target population Majority of the target population is focus on tourist from different state in Malaysia. 3.3.2 Sampling Elements The study is to choose different tourist from different age, race and country. 3.3.3 Sampling Technique There are several ways of sampling technique for taking a sample. The methods are probability and non-probability sampling techniques. A  probability sampling  scheme is one in which every unit in the population has a chance (greater than zero) of being selected in the sample, and this probability can be accurately determined. Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique in which the units of the sample are selected on the basic of person judgment or convenience. Convenient sampling is a procedure used to obtain those units or people conveniently available. Moreover, convenience sampling being use because it is a low cost and the list of population was took randomly. 3.3.4 Sampling Size In this study, survey form being distributed to 100 respondents of tourist from different age from different area. 3.4 Research Instrument There are questionnaire being used for data collection. The questionnaire involve the combination of the questionnaire on factors that encourage the use of information technology, personal trait of tourist, and the type of information technology being use by tourist in tourism industry. The questionnaire being set up and modified based on the objective of study. The factors that encourage the use of information technology The questionnaire on factors that encourage the use of information technology was measured using the factor scale developed by (Dimitrios Buhalis and Maria Cristina Licata, 2004).The scale comprised of seven parts such as time and planning, price, effective to air complain, easy for making payment, number of choice for tourist, the use without border or region barrier, and virtual communities. There are 5-point likert scale was use ranging from strongly disagree(1), disagree(2), partly agree(3), agree(4), strongly agree(5). The personal trait of tourist The personnel trait of tourist was measured using example develop by (Rob Law, Kenith Law, and James Wong, 2004).The questions pertaining to the respondents gender, ethnic, age, income, marital status, education, employees status, country origin, and travel purpose. Respondent need to choose one of preference that are suitable for them .Moreover, the choices of questions are already classified. 3. The different type of information technology The different type of information technology was measured using different type IT scale developed by (D. Buhalis and M.C. Licata, 2004). The scale consisted of type such as World Wide Web, Computer Reservation Systems (CRSs), Global Distribution Systems (GDSs) and other. The 5-point likert scale was use ranging from strongly disagree(1), disagree(2), partly agree(3), agree(4), strongly agree(5). 3.5 Measurement Scales A scale being defined as any category of item which being progressively according to value or magnitude. For normally there are four types of measurement scales used in research such as nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. In this study, only nominal and interval scales being use. Interval scales being use to test variable in section 1 and 3 and measure the different in the choice making of respondent. Nominal scale used in section 2 to measure the demographic variable of respondent. 3.6 Data processing In this study, the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) software version 17 will use to process the data being collected. SPSS data input be coding and transform to output through SPSS software. All the input be collected being put into the SPSS input to get the more accurate and reliable. 3.7 Data Analysis 3.7.1 Descriptive Analysis By changing the raw data into a form that will ensure the output is easy to understand and interpret it known as descriptive analysis (Zikmund, 2002). It also can rearr

Information security system

What is the OSI security architecture? Ans) A Systematic way of defining the requirements for security and characterizing the approaches to satisfying them is generally defined as â€Å"OSI security architecture†. This was developed as an international standard. Focuses of OSI Security Architecture: 1) Security attacks – action that compromises the security of information owned by an organization. 2) Security mechanism – designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack. ) Security service – intended to counter security attacks. 1. ) What the difference between passive and active security threats? Ans) Passive Threats makes attempt to learn or make use of information from the system but does not affect any system resources whereas active threats involve modification of the data stream. So in passive attack a hacker intrudes your system, and waits for some valuable information. In an active attack a hacker tries to get the valuable information by using his abilities rather than depending on the stupidity of the victim.Example for passive attack: A key logger which sends the input given by the victim to a hacker via a network (LAN). Example for Active attack: Using Brute force to crack the password of a system. 1. 5) List and briefly define categories of security service Ans) The major categories of security service are namely: Confidentially: The protection of data from unauthorized disclosure by encryption and decryption-preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information.Authentication: The assurance that the communicating entity is the one that it claims to be. The problem of authorization is often thought to be identical to hat of authentication; many widely adopted standard security protocols, obligatory regulations, and even statutes are based on this assumption. Integrity: The assurance that data received are exactly as sent by an authorized entity.End user will receive what is sent-guarding against improper information modification or destruction, including ensuring information nonrepudiation and authenticity Access control: The prevention of unauthorized use of a resource means this service controls that have access to a resource, under what conditions access can occur, and what those accessing the resource are allowed to do.Ability: Time for access-ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information Availability: The property of a system or a system resource being accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized system entity, according to performance specifications for the system. Nonrepudiation: Provides protection against denial by one of the entities involved in Chapter 2: 2. 2) How many keys are required for 2 people to communicate via a symmetric cipher? Ans ) Only one key is required for 2 people to communicate via a symmetric cipher. The key distribution will send the same k ey/ single key for encryption and ecryption process. . 9) List and briefly defines three uses of a public key cryptosystem Ans) Encryption/decryption: The sender encrypts a message with the recipient's public key. Digital signature: The sender â€Å"signs† a message with its private key. Signing is achieved by a cryptographic algorithm applied to the message or to a small block of data that is a function of the message. Key exchange: Two sides cooperate to exchange a session key. Several different approaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties. 2. 10) What is the difference between private key and a secret key?Ans) Secret key is used in symmetric encryption. Both sender and receiver have obtained copies of a secret key in secure fashion and keep the key secured. The private key is used with public key in asymmetric encryption. The sender will send encryption document with the receiver public key, then the receiver will decrypt the document with h is/ her private key. The â€Å"private key† is not shared with anyone. The secret key must be transmitted to or shared with all parties by a method outside the communications link it is intended to secure. 2. 13) How can public key encryption be used to distribute a secret key?Ans) Several different pproaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties. One approach is Diffle-Hellman key exchange. Another approach is for the sender to encrypt a secret key with the recipient's public key. The key distribution uses the asymmetric encryption to send secret key to the receiver by her/ his public key. Then the receiver will use his/ her private key to decrypt to get her/ his secret key. Problem: 2. 9)Construct a figure similar to figure 2. 9 that includes a digital signature to authenticate the message in the digital envelope. Sol) We can Show the creation of digital envelope as a solution.

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The first is to declare a decisionRead MoreThe Importance Of Service Improvement Practices1041 Words   |  5 PagesJarvis Ashland Resort Literature Review The Importance of Service Dickinson (2015) stresses the importance of service improvement practices. â€Å"Service improvement practices are a method, process, and way-of-doing-things with the purpose of improving customer service processes by increasing service delivery performance and conformance quality and/or reducing their cost† (Dickinson, 2015). The author shows us how to effectively use service improvement practices through surveys that allow us to interactRead MoreImproving Quality of Health Care Services Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesImproving Quality of Health Care Services The U.S. leads the way in many areas into the future of economy, wealth and civilization. America spends more on heath care than any other nation with quality and safety being a key focus. Nevertheless, evidence of improvement of decreased errors is limited. We lack answers to financial stability and providing quality health care to all (Becher amp; Chassin, 2001). Nationally, everyone is engaged in improving the quality and safety of healthcare.

Review Of 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Essay

Name: Menna Alaa Student number: 142 Subject: Women Studies 10 Things I Hate About You Chick Flick Analysis A Chick Flick as broadly agreed upon is the kind of films that mostly appeal to a female audience. Even the name itself is a bit offensive. It implies that films having female characters are appealing just to women spectators, and films with men, as protagonists are more commonly considered as widespread, while those who have bunches of ladies in them are so called Chick Flicks, and in this way, a corner shallow kind. Most of the time these films convey the point that ladies live happily ever after when they get the chance to discover intimate romance. Other Chick Flicks introduce a solid female protagonist but, as the film advances the hero needs to change herself of to adjust to her end goal to observe affection, to be recognized by her adoration intrigue, or to fit into her partner s life. Most commonly the female protagonist is a stunningly beautiful woman, who likewise happens to be blonde rather than a brunette, youthful, white and thin. Yet she needs to have a blemish, which would make her more human and in this way, more relatable to lots of people. 10 Things I Hate About You is likely the most clear illustration. However she definitely must be physically dazzling like all the female characters in the film, with a specific end goal to keep the present magnificence ongoing.

What Happened During The 1790 S - 1366 Words

As early as the 1700 s slaves were common in the United States; they usually worked as farm hands in order to grow tobacco and indigo. But they were not present in huge numbers before the 1790 s, and there was even a trend towards states banning or limiting the slave trade before that time. ‘What happened during the 1790 s?’ you ask. Well, as the United States grew westwards the cultivation of cotton, a valuable but labor intensive plant, grew as well. There was an enormous demand for cotton by textile manufacturers in Europe, due to a recent invention that allowed mass production. Cotton was previously a very difficult crop to profit from, because of the long hours required to separate cotton seeds from the actual cotton fibers. This†¦show more content†¦2. Pinedo 2 Slaves being transported to the South were usually ripped from their families and the surroundings they were familiar and comfortable with. These slaves then faced their new life at the plantation, a very different environment from what they were used to. They faced harder work, such as clearing trees and planting crops, than they had back in the ‘old Southern states’. The great demand for slaves on the plantations produced two very distinct types of slaves, rural and urban. Rural slaves, as you might have guessed worked on the plantations usually from dawn till dusk, driven by their overseer. Whereas urban slavery resulted from the lack of white laborers in the mining and lumber industries, because so many whites defected to the cotton industry in hopes of making a larger profit. As a result there was an increased demand for slaves in mills and in ships, so slaves that had learned specialized skills in the plantations, were in high demand in Southern cities. Slave owners hired out their slaves to work wherever their skills were required. This means that the owners left their slaves unsupervised all day, unlike the plantations where they were always under his watc hful eye. Many of the slaves who worked in the cities cited them as incredibly different from working on the plantation. In the city a slave was almost a free man compared to the plantations, he got better food, clothes and privileges. Also the acts of cruelty

To what extent did Russia undergo economic Free Essays

To what extent did Russia undergo economic and political reform in the years 1906-14? After the 1905 revolution Russia was in need of reforms both economically and politically, to allow it maintain its role of a great power and to prevent another revolution occurring the answer to this was the October Manifesto. However, due to the stubbornness of the Tsar who was determined not to relinquish his autocratic powers, what may have appeared as reforms were largely superficial making little change in particular to the Russian political system. In early 1906 the October Manifesto was published as a result of the 1905 revolution and as a way to appease the peasants and appear as a revolutionary change, when truly very little was changed by this. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent did Russia undergo economic or any similar topic only for you Order Now Political activity was now legal so political parties now no longer needed to remain secrets; freedom of speech was also introduced along with the introduction of a state elected Duma. Most of these changes were made as a bid to make the peasants content and prevent the chances of another revolution; however this also banned trade unions and newspapers. The introduction of the first Duma was short lived due to to the disapproval of the Tsar, who dissolved it under the Fundamental Law, after only 73 days. This was due to the number of members that were revolutionaries, who wanted to push through more moral ideas and reforms than the Tsar was willing to do, only 2 out of 391 made it into the law. This then led to the Wborg manifesto, which was a group of frustrated Duma members teaming up to go against the Tsar’s action of raising taxes – unfortunately this backfired, leading to all 200 members being banned from standing in the next Duma. The next Duma followed a similar suit, Just with the gaining of the Social Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats gaining seats, it was the third and fourth Dumas that raised the most change within Russian society, but this may have been due to the Electoral Reform. In order to make sure that the government gained the best support, voting was restrained to the wealthy, meaning that only 30% of Russia could vote. This meant that the majority of the revolutionaries supporters could not vote, leading to to mostly pro-government parties winning the vote. The Duma was never seen as political institution and was never meant to be, it was supposed to be a simple forum o please the masses and make them believe that the autocracy was listening. The Third ; Fourth Dumas managed to make some successful reforms as the government were more inclined to listen to them, they managed to replace the biased Land Captains, introduced universal primary education, create health and accident insurance programmes and made improvements to the army and navy. Despite the fact that the Duma were never supposed to be parliamentary, they still successfully managed to have the Duma debates reported in the press, meaning that the reformers and radicals participating managed to influence public opinion egitimately – something that had been denied to them previously. This reform had helped helped create political reform, as it had created a space where a forum for political debate could be taken note ot, and could be published without being censored. It meant that political parties had been established legally, and despite the fact that the Third and Fourth Dumas thwarted many reforms, they helped too, as not all of the seats in this institution had been pro-government. Another factor affecting the amount of political change over the years is the use of Peter Stolypin, the Russian Prime Minister from 1906- 1911. It is hard not to see Stolypin as a reformer, as he evidently saw what policies and laws needed to be changed or created in order to vanquish any repeat of the revolution, as he brought great changed to the Russian countryside, giving peasants the freedom to leave their communes, offering them cheap land in Siberia, or helping them to own their pieces of land through the redistribution of peasant wealth through the Land Bank. This had a big impact, as it lead to 50% of peasants having ownership of land, and agricultural production had risen from 45. 9 million tonnes to 61. 7 million tonnes in 1913. It is said by historians hat had war not broken out, Russia could have developed a more stable, loyal and prosperous peasantry, as Stolypin envisaged. On the other hand, despite the rise on crop yields and production, not much was done about the living and working conditions of Russia’s industrial workers. This was definitely shown after his assassination, where a plague of Russian unrest came around again, only leading to the Lena Goldfield massacre of 1912 in Siberia, which led to strikers being killed by the police. This was then a tipping point for more strikes and demonstrations, reminiscent of the 1905 revolution, to take place, showing that despite the fact Stolypin had helped reform a little economically, it was immediately undone by the wrath of popular unrest amongst the lower classes once more. From these two arguments it is very easy to see points helping question the extent of the Russian economic and political changes over the years, but I believe that the true tipping point comes to the Fundamental Law. This Fundamental Law, created in 1906, created the constitution of the Russian Empire, creating a national parliament with the lower house (the Duma), being elected. This all sounds very good, and sounds like political eforms were in their heights in 1906 – but this was completely changed in Article 87. This gave the right for the Tsar to govern by decree, thereby ignoring his faithfully created’ parliament. This basically meant that the creation of the Duma was practically pointless, as the Tsar could still change his mind as to what laws he wanted created, and which laws he would go against, putting incredible restrictions on how much could be done within the Russian Empire. Therefore, I find that the extent to which the Russian Empire underwent economic and political changes were the smallest possible, as Nicholas was not willing to create any reforms. How to cite To what extent did Russia undergo economic, Papers

Of mice and men Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Of mice and men Argumentative Essay Of Mice and Men is a book about the socially oppressed and about migrant workers. The workers went through a lot of things in this story. There are many themes in this book, which had to do with them. These themes are violence, nature, loneliness and dreams. Out of these themes I think that loneliness was the most important. However, all the themes played a part in the workers lives. A dream is pictures and ideas a person has in their mind. Dreams are special to people and show how they feel. George and Lennie were the main characters, who had a dream. George and Lennie have been together for a long time and they talked about their dreams. They both just would like to own a farm with animals and a garden. They dont want to have anyone bossing them around anymore. They just want to be their own boss and do what they want to do. They want to be able to run everything their way and no one elses. Violence is a force, which is damaging and negative. There were a few characters that experienced violence in this book. The main one was Curley. He always likes to pick fights with bigger guys and cause trouble. He also likes to threaten people about them getting close to his wife. Another person who caused violence was Lennie. Lennie isnt a violent person he just cant help hurting things. He doesnt mean to cause any of the violence that he puts out. He wouldnt be violent at all if he could just control his strength. Carlson was another person that showed some violence. He kept on pushing Candy about killing his dog. When he ended up killing Candys dog it didnt even bother him he just did it and went on with his life. Nature is living things like the animals and plants. Nature is a beautiful thing that is being ruined by man. In the book the workers cut down trees and build things with it. They dont care about nature at all they just ruin it. The only person that might have liked na ture was Lennie, when he mentioned about living in a cave. Loneliness is when a person feels isolated on the inside, not really important to anyone. Loneliness is a very big theme in this book. Many of the characters experienced this. This is a very sad thing, which I think no one should have at all. One person that had this was Curleys wife, even if it didnt seem so. She was the only woman on a ranch full of men. She didnt have anyone to talk to or share her feelings with. She had a husband, but he didnt want to spend time with her and didnt want her spending time with someone else. Another person is Crooks who kept himself away from everybody. There was too much racism going on, so hed rather keep his space. Candy was also a very lonely person. He has no relatives and his only best friend was his dog who was taken away from him by Carlson. George ended up to be a lonely person in the end. He had Lennie but when he was forced to kill him, he had no one left. The people in this story went through many things. Pretty much every character experienced at least one of these themes. Violence and loneliness seemed to be big parts in the themes in this story. However, loneliness was the strongest theme in the story and no one should experience it. Words/ Pages : 637 / 24 Of mice and men Argumentative Essay Example For Students Of mice and men Argumentative Essay Does Steinbeck reflect a desperate society or does he offer some hope and optimism in his novel Of Mice and MenIn Steinbecks novel Of Mice and Men there are many different characters each expressing there own opinion on whether they are living in a desperate society or that there is indeed some hope and optimism in the world around them. At the time the book was set, which is in the 1930s great American depression, many people were unemployed and jobs were hard to come by. Steinbecks novel centres around the exploits and happenings of a few men, and one women, at the time of this great depression. Steinbeck shows how the most unusual friendships can be created in the mist of this depression and sadness. Such as the strong friendship between Lennie and George. Which in the end, drove George to kill Lennie for his own good. Some characters such as Lennie show how many people at this time had dreams of owning there own piece of land and being able to retire in peace with no one to tell them what to do. This reflects the view of optimism and hope in the book. However some characters such as Crooks see the world around them as desperate and solitary. Crooks believes that no ones dream will come true and that nothing will ever get better, this is shown in the line, Nobody ever gets to heaven, and nobody never gets no land. (page 106) He also says that Lennies dream will always stay as a dream and will never come true. The novel Of Mice and Men on the whole gives many views of hope and optimism and many views of the characters in the book living in a desperate society. I believe that the book balances itself out and that there are equal amounts of each view. The book being as equally optimistic as it is pessimistic. I will discuss how Steinbeck shows these views through his selection of characters and scene settings over the next few paragraphs.At the time the book Of Mice and Men is set many people in America and other countries had a very pessimistic outlook on l ife. The book reflects this view in its character opinions and scene settings. From 1929 to 1939 there were failed businesses, harsh poverty and many people were in long term unemployment. Many people made the migration to California looking for work. Most travelled alone, however, in the case of Lennie and George they travelled together. This is evident when George says, We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. (page 32). Here George is saying how that he and Lennie are different from the rest of the no-hopers in the world around them and that they have a chance to make things better for themselves because they with always have each other. In some cases in the book there is a pessimistic side to Lennie and Georges friendship. The line said by George Hide in the brush till I come for you. (page 34). George repeats this statement about hiding in the brush until he comes many times, to emphasise the point to Lennie. This is suggesting that George does not trust Lennie and that he believes he will do something wrong in the near future. Therefore giving the impression that George believes that the society they are living in is desperate and that Lennie will make the same mistakes over and over again. Another example of how George and Lennies friendship sometimes reflects a desperate society is how George says You crazy son of a bitch. (page 29). This is when George is reflecting on how he could have a much better life without Lennie with him all the time. Also in this section, George shows some compassion for Lennie. After he has finished shouting at Lennie we get the line, He looked ashamedly at Lennies anguished face through the flames and also the line, Poor Bastard. This is showing us how George now feels sorry for Lennie and maybe he realises that he is lucky to have a friend in this desperate society, therefore reflecting some hope and optimism in the book. With George now thinking that he may be able to get to that imaginary piece of land wi th his friend, which for the moment only exists inside the head of Lennie and George. Moving on to section two we see how the Candy like to gossip a lot. Saying things like, Last guy that had this bed was a blacksmith and Used to wash his hands even before he ate (page 39). This is unimportant information and just general gossip. This could show how the society is desperate because it shows how the Candy is lonely and doesnt get to speak to many people. So when there is someone to speak to he seizes the chance to make the most of the conversation. Candy does have one friend though, an old dog. This further emphasises the lonely, desperate environment which the men live in. It shows how Candy has to resort to having an animal as a friend because he knows that an animal will not answer him back and that his dog will always be there, unlike a human at this time which may go off and leave him. Watching My Little Sister Grow Up EssayCurley only sees the world through his eyes and so is supremely selfish. His inability to control or understand his wife brings about Lennie’s death. He is to blame, just as much as his wife and Lennie, but will never accept that. Curley’s Wife How is Curley’s wife described and what does it mean? Quotations Mean? She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages† â€Å"Curley’s wife is described as a â€Å"tart† and is seen as â€Å"jail bait† by the ranch hands† â€Å"Think im gonna stay in that two-by-four house and listen to how Curley’s gonna lead with his left twice, and then bring in the ‘old right cross? Curley’s wife is very lonely, and she is trapped in a loveless marriage. â€Å"You know what I can do to you if you open your trap? † She can be vindictive and she will use the power her status gives her, even if it is totally unfair. â€Å"He says he was gonna put me in the movies† Curley’s wife has her dream destroyed too. Crooks How is Crooks described and what does it mean? Quotations Mean? â€Å"Crooks was a proud, aloof man his eyes seemed to glitter with intensity He had thin, plain tightened lips† Crooks’ life is dominated by pain – the pain of being the only black man and of his â€Å"busted back† – but he has managed to rise above that pain. â€Å"I aint wanted in the bunk house ‘Cause im black† Crooks is a victim of racial prejudice â€Å"I had enough†, he said coldly. â€Å"You got no rights comin’ in a coloured man’s room† Crooks has enough pride and independent to stand up to Curley’s wife. â€Å"Crooks had reduced himself to nothing. There was no personality, no ego – nothing to arouse either like or dislike,† The futility of Crooks’ stand shows how little power a black person has in the world of this novel.